Feisty Tasmanian devils roaming Australian mainland again

Tasmanian devils – the carnivorous marsupials whose frenzied eating habits won the animals cartoon fame – have returned to mainland Australia for the first time in 3,000 years.

“Seeing those devils released into a wild landscape — it’s a really emotional moment,” said Liz Gabriel, director of Aussie Ark, which led the release effort in partnership with other conservation groups.

The 11 most recently released devils began exploring their new home once they were freed from cages at the near-1,000-acre Barrington Tops wildlife refuge in New South Wales, about 120 miles north of Sydney.

Tasmanian devils, which were once called Sarcophilus satanicus or “Satanic flesh-lover”, went extinct in mainland Australia before the arrival of Europeans.

Scientists believe the introduction of carnivorous dingoes, a surge in the indigenous human population and a devastating dry season cause by a prolonged El Nino caused the devil to migrate to present-day Tasmania, said University of Tasmania ecologist Menna Jones.

“I think any one of those three factors alone probably wouldn’t have caused extinction — but the three of them together likely caused the devil to become extinct on the mainland,” she said.

Devils have been protected in Australia since 1941, and conservationists have worked to bolster their populations for years, citing their importance as top predators which can suppress invasive species — like foxes and feral cats — and in turn protect smaller species and biodiversity.

One of the biggest blows to conservation efforts came in the 1990s when a communicable cancer called devil facial tumour disease — which passes between devils through their bites while mating and causes large tumours that prevent them from eating — reduced the population from 140,000 to as few as 20,000.

In response, researchers established an insurance population of cancer-free devils in wild-type enclosures in Australia’s island state of Tasmania. But the releases in July and September are the first time the squat mammals — all of which have tested negative for the contagious cancer — have been released on the mainland in a protected wild landscape.

Ms Gabriel said Aussie Ark aims for devils to eventually live in non-protected areas in mainland Australia, with the hope they will contribute to keeping cat and fox populations under control.

Some experts question whether the introduction would have that level of impact.

Nick Mooney, an Australia conservationist who has worked with Tasmanian devils for 40 years, said feral felines are likely to return to hunting for a food source rather than relying on carrion in competition with the devils.

There is also a matter of reputation. While devils tend to feed on small mammals they are also known to eat the carcasses of cattle and sheep, potentially making them a nuisance to farmers.

“When you do big interventions like this, there needs to be buy-in from the community, particularly those who are affected in the community,” said Ms Jones. “There needs to be consultation.”

For now, the devils released this year and those expected in coming years will not go into the wild yet. Instead they will receive supplementary feedings and be monitored by remote cameras, with some tagged with GPS trackers to learn more about how they adjust in their new environment, said Ms Gabriel.